Somaliland administration

Observation: 19 Jun 2026. Precision: day.

Source published: 19 Jun 2026. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: Page 8, Updates from Israel; named visiting president

Dataset: Africa API reviewed official government evidence (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-17

Attribution: Africa API review of public government office facts. Original issuing institutions, source URLs and evidence locators accompany each record. Source prose, images and logos retain their original rights; these are not licensed by this factual compilation.

Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source licence asserted

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• A live official page can be stale; its retrieval date is not an appointment date or independent confirmation of current service.
• Dated events retain their event types. Appointment, effective appointment and swearing-in are not interchangeable.
• Relationships preserve accountability, appointment and reporting distinctions; no universal president-rooted hierarchy is asserted.
• Missing names, exact dates, portraits and identity matches are not invented.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: 4 Aug 2020. Precision: day.

Source published: 4 Aug 2020. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: Cabinet videoconference account; officeholder 1

Dataset: Africa API reviewed official government evidence (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-17

Attribution: Africa API review of public government office facts. Original issuing institutions, source URLs and evidence locators accompany each record. Source prose, images and logos retain their original rights; these are not licensed by this factual compilation.

Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source licence asserted

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• A live official page can be stale; its retrieval date is not an appointment date or independent confirmation of current service.
• Dated events retain their event types. Appointment, effective appointment and swearing-in are not interchangeable.
• Relationships preserve accountability, appointment and reporting distinctions; no universal president-rooted hierarchy is asserted.
• Missing names, exact dates, portraits and identity matches are not invented.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: 4 Aug 2020. Precision: day.

Source published: 4 Aug 2020. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: Cabinet videoconference account; officeholder 2

Dataset: Africa API reviewed official government evidence (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-17

Attribution: Africa API review of public government office facts. Original issuing institutions, source URLs and evidence locators accompany each record. Source prose, images and logos retain their original rights; these are not licensed by this factual compilation.

Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source licence asserted

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• A live official page can be stale; its retrieval date is not an appointment date or independent confirmation of current service.
• Dated events retain their event types. Appointment, effective appointment and swearing-in are not interchangeable.
• Relationships preserve accountability, appointment and reporting distinctions; no universal president-rooted hierarchy is asserted.
• Missing names, exact dates, portraits and identity matches are not invented.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: 4 Aug 2020. Precision: day.

Source published: 4 Aug 2020. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: Cabinet videoconference account; officeholder 3

Dataset: Africa API reviewed official government evidence (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-17

Attribution: Africa API review of public government office facts. Original issuing institutions, source URLs and evidence locators accompany each record. Source prose, images and logos retain their original rights; these are not licensed by this factual compilation.

Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source licence asserted

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• A live official page can be stale; its retrieval date is not an appointment date or independent confirmation of current service.
• Dated events retain their event types. Appointment, effective appointment and swearing-in are not interchangeable.
• Relationships preserve accountability, appointment and reporting distinctions; no universal president-rooted hierarchy is asserted.
• Missing names, exact dates, portraits and identity matches are not invented.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: 4 Aug 2020. Precision: day.

Source published: 4 Aug 2020. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: Cabinet videoconference account; officeholder 4

Dataset: Africa API reviewed official government evidence (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-17

Attribution: Africa API review of public government office facts. Original issuing institutions, source URLs and evidence locators accompany each record. Source prose, images and logos retain their original rights; these are not licensed by this factual compilation.

Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source licence asserted

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• A live official page can be stale; its retrieval date is not an appointment date or independent confirmation of current service.
• Dated events retain their event types. Appointment, effective appointment and swearing-in are not interchangeable.
• Relationships preserve accountability, appointment and reporting distinctions; no universal president-rooted hierarchy is asserted.
• Missing names, exact dates, portraits and identity matches are not invented.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: 14 Apr 2019. Precision: day.

Source published: 3 Aug 2020. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: Biography sentence explicitly dates appointment

Dataset: Africa API reviewed official government evidence (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-17

Attribution: Africa API review of public government office facts. Original issuing institutions, source URLs and evidence locators accompany each record. Source prose, images and logos retain their original rights; these are not licensed by this factual compilation.

Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source licence asserted

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• A live official page can be stale; its retrieval date is not an appointment date or independent confirmation of current service.
• Dated events retain their event types. Appointment, effective appointment and swearing-in are not interchangeable.
• Relationships preserve accountability, appointment and reporting distinctions; no universal president-rooted hierarchy is asserted.
• Missing names, exact dates, portraits and identity matches are not invented.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 109621; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118701; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118701; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118738; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118742; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118742; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118755; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118761; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118774; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118786; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118788; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Office date unknown. Precision: unknown.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118789; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118792; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118793; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118794; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 118795; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119034; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119040; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119044; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119051; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119056; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119060; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119064; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 119069; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.