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Country · Source records

Zimbabwe

People, offices and institutional evidence across the available sources.

African sovereign country in the existing country registry.

Status source 1 (opens in a new tab)
3,882Source observations
5Institutional relationships

People and office observations

Each row is a source observation, not a unique person or a continuous term. Annual snapshots, research waves and dated events keep their own date precision. Initials appear where these datasets supply no portrait.

Clear

Research wave

Francis Muchenje

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291570; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Tongesai Mudambo

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291571; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Simbaneuta Mudarikwa

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291572; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Metrine Mudau

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291573; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Ronald Muderedzwa

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291574; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Magna Mudyiwa

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291575; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Magna Mudyiwa

Chairperson, Portfolio Committee on Labour and Social Welfare

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291575; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Alfred Mufunga

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291576; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Terence Mukupe

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291578; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Terence Mukupe

Cabinet, Minister

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291578; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Francis Mukwangwariwa

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291579; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Fanuel Munengami

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291580; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Esau Mupfumi

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291606; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Amon Murwira

Cabinet, Minister

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291607; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Tabeth Murwira

Senator

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291608; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

David Musabayana

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291609; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

David Musabayana

Cabinet, Minister

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291609; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Michael Byton Musaka

Senator

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291610; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Kenneth Musanhi

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291611; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Kenneth Musanhi

Chairperson, Portfolio Committee on Primary and Secondary Education, Sport and Arts

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291611; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Alexio Musundire

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291612; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Tongai Muzenda

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291613; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Brown Ndlovu

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291614; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Mathias Siqhoza Ndlovu

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291615; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Dexter Nduna

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291617; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Betty Nhambu-Kaseke

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291618; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Francis Chenaimoyo Nhema

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291619; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Malachi Nkomo

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291620; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Lungisani Nleya

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291621; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Research wave

Biata Nyamupinga

Member of Parliament

Research window 2017–2019

Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.

Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.

Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.

The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.

Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab)Source updated: Date unknown
Dates and source evidence

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 291622; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

  • Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
  • Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
  • Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
  • Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
  • Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
  • Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
  • Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Dataset limitations
  • Source observations are not continuous tenures or independently verified current rosters.
  • Names and source identifiers are not merged into people without separate identity evidence.
  • Jurisdiction labels describe source coverage and do not determine sovereignty or recognition.
  • Accountability, appointment and membership are different from reporting relationships.