Zambia

Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: memberships: person_id=9516d650-d5d3-4f9d-bb54-06d6fd1382f6; legislative_period_id=term/2011; sha256=fc46d2c9d7a16131ce1f8688dc07184b3ef47994fe7655808397e8f58381f6c6

Dataset: Original EveryPolitician historical African legislatures (opens in a new tab) · Edition africa-archive-2026-09-18

Attribution: mySociety / original EveryPolitician archive. The publisher describes the data as available for anyone to use. Original sources, archive commits and source identifiers accompany records. No licence is asserted for linked portraits, biographies or source documents. This is not the later OpenSanctions commercial PEP dataset.

Licence: Publisher reuse invitation; no named data licence found (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• An inactive historical archive is not a current-officeholder roster.
• Legislative period dates do not establish individual service dates.
• Source identifiers and names are not independently resolved people.
• Membership observations do not establish reporting relationships.
• Party labels and constituencies retain their source-era meaning.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: memberships: person_id=947e315b-927e-4ded-988a-e361172274b0; legislative_period_id=term/2011; sha256=fe380f6728cfdd232de7da497464b97dc1fd3972e7092fae7da6ab010331f98b

Dataset: Original EveryPolitician historical African legislatures (opens in a new tab) · Edition africa-archive-2026-09-18

Attribution: mySociety / original EveryPolitician archive. The publisher describes the data as available for anyone to use. Original sources, archive commits and source identifiers accompany records. No licence is asserted for linked portraits, biographies or source documents. This is not the later OpenSanctions commercial PEP dataset.

Licence: Publisher reuse invitation; no named data licence found (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• An inactive historical archive is not a current-officeholder roster.
• Legislative period dates do not establish individual service dates.
• Source identifiers and names are not independently resolved people.
• Membership observations do not establish reporting relationships.
• Party labels and constituencies retain their source-era meaning.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: memberships: person_id=9ab1bd1c-cc49-48f9-b465-73ef4de58bc7; legislative_period_id=term/2016; sha256=febc97e3234b61b6e274d8512fc3d441929fedb369809935c19644784eec1eb4

Dataset: Original EveryPolitician historical African legislatures (opens in a new tab) · Edition africa-archive-2026-09-18

Attribution: mySociety / original EveryPolitician archive. The publisher describes the data as available for anyone to use. Original sources, archive commits and source identifiers accompany records. No licence is asserted for linked portraits, biographies or source documents. This is not the later OpenSanctions commercial PEP dataset.

Licence: Publisher reuse invitation; no named data licence found (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• An inactive historical archive is not a current-officeholder roster.
• Legislative period dates do not establish individual service dates.
• Source identifiers and names are not independently resolved people.
• Membership observations do not establish reporting relationships.
• Party labels and constituencies retain their source-era meaning.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: memberships: person_id=5cad617b-83b5-468a-8940-0a5257899d12; legislative_period_id=term/2016; sha256=fed22c1a9cec18029d9e01f4d01710cd635f104f1e2674d870a01e2895c6fbe4

Dataset: Original EveryPolitician historical African legislatures (opens in a new tab) · Edition africa-archive-2026-09-18

Attribution: mySociety / original EveryPolitician archive. The publisher describes the data as available for anyone to use. Original sources, archive commits and source identifiers accompany records. No licence is asserted for linked portraits, biographies or source documents. This is not the later OpenSanctions commercial PEP dataset.

Licence: Publisher reuse invitation; no named data licence found (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• An inactive historical archive is not a current-officeholder roster.
• Legislative period dates do not establish individual service dates.
• Source identifiers and names are not independently resolved people.
• Membership observations do not establish reporting relationships.
• Party labels and constituencies retain their source-era meaning.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: memberships: person_id=2fab2cba-f911-4dc6-a74f-d68bb4cebbcc; legislative_period_id=term/2011; sha256=ff1f296373d61c354d9c2853d2ad47d3d8a309e428945c23c47e088f6615e39d

Dataset: Original EveryPolitician historical African legislatures (opens in a new tab) · Edition africa-archive-2026-09-18

Attribution: mySociety / original EveryPolitician archive. The publisher describes the data as available for anyone to use. Original sources, archive commits and source identifiers accompany records. No licence is asserted for linked portraits, biographies or source documents. This is not the later OpenSanctions commercial PEP dataset.

Licence: Publisher reuse invitation; no named data licence found (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• An inactive historical archive is not a current-officeholder roster.
• Legislative period dates do not establish individual service dates.
• Source identifiers and names are not independently resolved people.
• Membership observations do not establish reporting relationships.
• Party labels and constituencies retain their source-era meaning.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 1401; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 1401; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 142592; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 142833; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 142836; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 142839; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 142842; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143176; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143179; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143182; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143185; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143188; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143602; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143610; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143669; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143710; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143829; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143832; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143835; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143838; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143838; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143842; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143842; office slot 2

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143846; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2010–2013. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 143849; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.