Somalia

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297442; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297444; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297445; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297447; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297448; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297450; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297451; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297453; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297470; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297471; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297472; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297473; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297474; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297476; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297477; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297478; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297479; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297481; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297485; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297486; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297488; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297490; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297491; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297492; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297493; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297494; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297496; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297497; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297498; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.

Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.

Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.

Evidence location: GLP v1 person 297499; office slot 1

Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4

Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection. Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)

Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.

• Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
• Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
• Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
• Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
• Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
• Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
• Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.

Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.