Each row is a source observation, not a unique person or a continuous term. Annual snapshots, research waves and dated events keep their own date precision. Initials appear where these datasets supply no portrait.
ABAnnual snapshot
Arefaine Berhe
Min. Of Agriculture
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71890; id=ERI-675
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
FWAnnual snapshot
Filipos Woldeyohannes
Min. Of Defense
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71891; id=ERI-676
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
SRAnnual snapshot
Semere Russom
Min. Of Education
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71892; id=ERI-677
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
SEAnnual snapshot
Sebhat Ephrem
Min. Of Energy & Mines
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71893; id=ERI-678
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
BHAnnual snapshot
Berhane Habtemariam
Min. Of Finance
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71894; id=ERI-679
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
OSAnnual snapshot
Osman Saleh Mohammed
Min. Of Foreign Affairs
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71895; id=ERI-680
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
ANAnnual snapshot
Amina Nurhussein
Min. Of Health
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71896; id=ERI-681
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
YGAnnual snapshot
Yemane Ghebremeskel
Min. Of Information
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71897; id=ERI-682
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
FHAnnual snapshot
Fozia Hashim
Min. Of Justice
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71898; id=ERI-683
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
LGAnnual snapshot
Luul Gebreab
Min. Of Labor & Human Welfare
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71899; id=ERI-684
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
TGAnnual snapshot
Tesfai Ghebreselassie
Min. Of Land, Water, & Environment
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71900; id=ERI-685
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
WAAnnual snapshot
Woldemichael Abraha
Min. Of Local Government
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71901; id=ERI-686
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
TKAnnual snapshot
Tewolde Kelati
Min. Of Maritime Resources
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71902; id=ERI-687
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
GTAnnual snapshot
Giorgis Teklemichael
Min. Of National Development
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71903; id=ERI-688
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
AAAnnual snapshot
Abraha Asfaha
Min. Of Public Works
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71904; id=ERI-689
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
AMAnnual snapshot
Askalu Menkerios
Min. Of Tourism
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71905; id=ERI-690
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
NBAnnual snapshot
Nesredin Bekit
Min. Of Trade & Industry
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71906; id=ERI-691
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
TBAnnual snapshot
Tesfaselassie Berhane
Min. Of Transport & Communications
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71907; id=ERI-692
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
KWAnnual snapshot
Kibreab Woldemariam
Governor, Bank Of Eritrea (Acting)
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71908; id=ERI-693
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
BGAnnual snapshot
Berhane Gebrehiwet Solomon
Charge D'affaires, Embassy, Washington
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71909; id=ERI-694
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
STAnnual snapshot
Sophia Tesfamariam Yohannes
Permanent Representative To The Un, New York
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jul 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: WhoGov_within_V4.0.csv; CSV data record 71910; id=ERI-695
Dataset: The WhoGov Project (opens in a new tab) · Edition 4.0
Attribution: Nyrup, Jacob; Stuart Bramwell; Gabriel Lönn; Kristiansen, Ina Lyftingsmo; Schmid, Jonas Willibald; Matthews, Austin; Thoma, Andreina; Javier Padilla Moreno-Torres; Langsæther, Peter Egge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik, 2026, "The WhoGov Project", https://doi.org/10.18710/OLPOZK, DataverseNO. Nyrup, Jacob, and Stuart Bramwell. 2020. "Who governs? A new global dataset on members of cabinets." American Political Science Review 114(4): 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000490.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: 26 Aug 2026.
- Annual observations do not establish tenure dates or continuous service.
- Snapshots: September 1966, January 1970 and July otherwise; no exact day.
- Source row IDs and standardized names do not resolve person identities.
- Missing names mean unspecified by this dataset, not verified vacancies.
- Role classifications and flags are publisher research coding, not legal conclusions.
- Demographic and party columns are excluded from this extract.
- Excluded 10 African narrative rows classified STATEMENT.
- Pinned source file SHA-256: a8c82b8f0f96775c7944684c5dcf42ddedf0bd706dad43bcd150b67e2edff0c8.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
IADated snapshot
ISAIAS Afworki
Pres.
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 1; Pres.
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
—Dated snapshot
Person name not recorded
Vice Pres.
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
The source did not provide a person name for this record. A vacancy has not been established.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 2; Vice Pres.
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
FHDated snapshot
FOZIA Hashim
Min. of Justice
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 11; Min. of Justice
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
SHDated snapshot
SALMA Hassen
Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 12; Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
TGDated snapshot
TESFAI Ghebreselassie
Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 13; Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
SMDated snapshot
SALEH Meki
Min. of Maritime Resources
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 14; Min. of Maritime Resources
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
GTDated snapshot
GHIORGHISH Teklemichael
Min. of National Development
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 15; Min. of National Development
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
AADated snapshot
ABRAHA Asfaha
Min. of Public Works
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 16; Min. of Public Works
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
AMDated snapshot
ASKALU Menkerios
Min. of Tourism
A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Jun 2023. Precision: month.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: 17 Aug 2022.
Evidence location: Eritrea; leaders; row 17; Min. of Tourism
Dataset: CIA World Leaders roster observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition public-rosters-v1
Attribution: Central Intelligence Agency, World Leaders: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Country and edition URLs accompany each observation.
Licence: Public domain (unmarked US government material) (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Oct 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A roster observation is not an appointment date or evidence of continuous service.
- Edition dates and retrieval dates do not establish current service. Country source update dates can be much older.
- CIA observations have not all been independently checked against national appointment records.
- Names are retained as published; people are not merged across sources by name.
- Diplomats, central bank officers and other listed officials are not automatically cabinet members.
- Blank names are unspecified information; only an explicit vacancy label is recorded as a reported vacancy.
- Refreshes replace this catalog version, including the last live-page capture. Published monthly archive editions are retained; daily captures are not a complete change history.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.