Each row is a source observation, not a unique person or a continuous term. Annual snapshots, research waves and dated events keep their own date precision. Initials appear where these datasets supply no portrait.
YMResearch wave
Yaya Meite
Senate Representative for Worodougou Region
Office date unknown Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.
The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Office date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: GLP v1 person 302848; office slot 1
Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4
Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection.
Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
- Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
- Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
- Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
- Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
- Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
- Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
VBResearch wave
Vaflali Bakayoko
Senate Representative for Worodougou Region
Research window 2017–2019 Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.
Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.
Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.
The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: GLP v1 person 302851; office slot 1
Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4
Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection.
Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
- Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
- Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
- Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
- Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
- Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
- Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
RNResearch wave
Raymond N'Doh Yapi
Senate Representative for Abidjan Autonomous District
Research window 2017–2019 Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.
Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.
Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.
The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: GLP v1 person 302852; office slot 1
Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4
Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection.
Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
- Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
- Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
- Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
- Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
- Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
- Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
MOResearch wave
Maman Ouattara
Senate Representative for Abidjan Autonomous District
Research window 2017–2019 Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.
Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.
Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.
The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: GLP v1 person 302853; office slot 1
Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4
Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection.
Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
- Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
- Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
- Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
- Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
- Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
- Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
LKResearch wave
Leon Kouame Loukou
Senate Representative for Yamoussoukro Autonomous District
Research window 2017–2019 Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.
Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.
Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.
The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: GLP v1 person 302855; office slot 1
Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4
Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection.
Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
- Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
- Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
- Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
- Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
- Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
- Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
GKResearch wave
Gbeugre Konan Yao
Senate Representative for Yamossoukro Autonomous District
Research window 2017–2019 Recorded in a research wave. The observation does not establish continuous tenure or current service.
Source research windows: 2017–2019. These windows do not date this office term.
Bounds enclose research waves, not continuous tenure or presence throughout the interval. No exact role date is established.
The source does not assign each office slot to an individual wave. Multiple-wave office dates remain unknown.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Research window 2017–2019. Precision: range.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: GLP v1 person 302859; office slot 1
Dataset: Global Leadership Project v1 public office observations (opens in a new tab) · Edition v1-f3bb5baa34e4
Attribution: John Gerring, Connor T. Jerzak and Erzen Öncel (2024), The Composition of Descriptive Representation, American Political Science Review 118(2), 784–801; doi:10.1017/S0003055423000680. GLP v1 author-hosted public role projection.
Copyright 2025, Gerring, Jerzak, and Öncel.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
Licence: MIT (opens in a new tab)
Retrieved 17 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- Research waves cover 2010–2013 and 2017–2019. They are not exact tenure dates or current rosters.
- Office slots are not assigned to individual waves. Roles for people appearing in both waves retain unknown observation dates.
- Conflicting or absent wave fields are retained with unknown observation dates.
- Source person identifiers are not independently verified identities and are not merged with Wikidata people by name.
- Source classifications include party and related offices as well as government roles; these are not all cabinet positions.
- Rows with no published office class or position are counted in qualification but excluded from office observations.
- Demographic, contact, family and private-life fields are excluded from this import.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
PGUndated snapshot
POATY GNIMA JEANNE CHANTAL
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 78
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
AKUndated snapshot
ABO KOUAME FAUSTIN
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 3
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
CYUndated snapshot
COULIBALY YAO MADIARA EPSE COULIBALY
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 26
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
SKUndated snapshot
SILUE KAGNON AUGUSTIN
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 84
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
AYUndated snapshot
ASSEKE YABA ADELE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 8
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
KKUndated snapshot
KOSSONOU KOUASSI IGNACE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 60
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
KGUndated snapshot
KOUACOU GNRANGBE KOUADIO JEAN
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 61
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
DNUndated snapshot
DIBY N'GORAN BEATRICE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 36
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
YKUndated snapshot
YEBOUE KOUAME KOUASSI PASCAL
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 98
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
YKUndated snapshot
YAO KOUADIO SERAPHIN
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 95
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
GBUndated snapshot
GOUETI BI SOHO CHARLES
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 49
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
TLUndated snapshot
TRAORE LASSINA
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 93
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
KSUndated snapshot
KONE SIAKA
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 58
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
MYUndated snapshot
MEITE YAYA
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 70
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
DSUndated snapshot
DA SILVA SYLVIA EPSE ANOMA
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 27
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
KAUndated snapshot
KONATE ABOU DRAMANE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 54
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
ZMUndated snapshot
ZOUMANA MAKADJI
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 99
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
EKUndated snapshot
EHUI KOUTOUA BERNARD
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 42
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
MAUndated snapshot
MELEDJE ABOUD HILAIRE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 71
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
BKUndated snapshot
BEZEME KOUAME CHRISTOPHE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 17
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
OKUndated snapshot
OPERI KOKORA ALEXIS
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 74
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
FSUndated snapshot
FATOUMA SANGARE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 47
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
ABUndated snapshot
AHIBA BOGUIE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 4
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.
AAUndated snapshot
AHOUASSA ALEXANDRE
Sénateur — Sénat de Côte d’Ivoire
Observation date unknown A source snapshot; it does not establish a start date, end date or current service.
Dates and source evidence
Observation: Observation date unknown. Precision: unknown.
Source published: Date unknown. Source updated: Date unknown.
Evidence location: h6.card-title; card 5
Dataset: Reviewed African public office rosters and institutional relationships (opens in a new tab) · Edition reviewed-2026-09-18
Attribution: Africa API compilation of public office facts from official sources. Every observation preserves its issuing source URL, locator and original capture date. Source text, images and logos retain their own rights. Source disagreements and date uncertainty are preserved.
Licence: Factual observations; no blanket source text/image licence asserted
Retrieved 18 Sept 2026. Dataset publication: Date unknown.
- A directory publication or capture does not certify present service, a complete roster or continuous tenure.
- Published term labels and election events are not silently converted into individual appointment or departure dates.
- Body identifiers are source-scoped research keys unless explicitly identified as official; they are not cross-source institution matches.
- Source person IDs are published profile identifiers; names alone are not merged into independently resolved people.
- Membership, appointment, accountability and reporting are distinct; only explicitly supported relationship types are retained.
- Older and newer observations coexist with explicit source dates, qualifiers and unresolved source conflicts.
Portraits are not supplied with these source observations. Initials are used for identification.